Shanghai Daoqin Plastics Co., Ltd.

　　1928 year, USA most large chemical industrial company —— DuPont company formed 立 基础 chemical research, year 仅32岁 卡罗瑟斯博士受聘担任该 negative 责人. main/primary from polymerization reaction research. 他首先 research di can separation polycondensation reaction, through binary alcohol and binary ester shrink combined, combined formed long 链, versus for separation quality high polyester. in to year time inner, 卡罗瑟斯 in made type polymer, especially is polyester 方面取 important 进展, will polymer versus for separation quality improve/increase to 10 000~25 000, versus for separation quality high 于10 000 polymer is high poly material （Superpolymer）. 1930 year, 卡罗瑟斯 助手发现, binary alcohol and binary acid through polycondensation reaction made high polyester, its melt material can made 棉花糖 that 样抽出 ratio, but also this type of fiber fine filament make cooling rear also can tensile, tensile long degree can to 原 几倍, cooling tensile rear fiber strong/high degree, elastic property, transparent degree and gloss degree large large increase. this type of polyester features make 他们预感 to can can tool has heavy large 商业价 value, has can can use melt polymer made fiber. however, research table/sheet 明, from polyester to fiber tool has upper 意义. is high polyester in 100oC below/following 即熔化, especially easy solvent various has machine solvent agent, is in water in also stability, therefore combined use textile.

　　 rear 卡罗瑟斯 also for series polyester and polyamide (PA) type combined material in-depth research. more comparison, 选定他 in 1935 year 2 month 28 day 首次由 already amine and already acid combined formed polyamide (PA) 66（第一 6 table/sheet amine in carbon 原子数, 第二 6 table/sheet acid in carbon 原子数）. this type of polyamide (PA) solvent 于普通 solvent agent, melting point is 263oC, high usually use temperature degree, made fiber tool has filament appearance and gloss, in structure and property upper 也接近天然 filament, its wear resistance and strong/high degree ultra- 当时任何一 types fiber. from its property and manufacturing cost comprehensive 考虑, in already polyamide (PA) in it is most selection. 接, DuPont company also solution production polyamide (PA) 66 raw materials industrial issues, 1938 year 10 month 27 day positive 式宣布 world upper types combined formed fiber 诞生, polyamide (PA) 66(PA66) this type of combined formed fiber is nylon （Nylon）. nylon rear in in formed “ from 煤, gas, water or other material combined formed, tool has wear resistance, similar 蛋白质 chemical structure has polyamide (PA) 总称”. production nylon process table/sheet lower:

　　1, drying temperature degree and methods
　　
　　包括 raw materials dry methods, temperature degree and time. raw materials dry main/primary using/adopting or material drying machine, research 发现, this types dry methods can remove raw materials surface water separation, method remove raw materials inner in water separation, therefore use true 空转鼓 drying machine drying. true drying advantages in its not only can remove raw materials deep water separation, more can utilizing true improve/increase drying efficiency, anti raw materials oxidation 变黄. drying process using/adopting 0. 25MPa pressure 蒸汽, drying time can front 10 h decrease/reduce to 3 h, drying temperature degree can front 105℃ drop to 100℃. using/adopting this type of dry process can will raw materials moisture content control in 0. 2% below/following, solution front raw materials in dry process in degradation and phenomenon, make material maintain has flexibility degree.
　　
　　 drying equipment and injection molding machine material between generally 不直接 versus 连, drying rear raw materials need in in material 仓存放. need especially attention/notes is drying rear raw materials in process in issues, if process in 出现二次吸 water, in production in still generate bubbles or in phenomenon.
　　
　　2, injection methods
　　
　　 through a large amount of to relatively is injection molding process. injection temperature degree front 3段改 is 4段, 1~4段 temperature degree separation is: 270~275℃, 280~285℃, 285~290℃ and 280~285℃. rear will injection speed rate 也由以 front 2 grade is 3 grade, 1~3 grade injection speed rate separation is 35, 60, 50(versus for value), injection methods front 期 由 fast to slow is slow — fast — slow.
　　
　　3, nozzle temperature degree
　　
　　 nozzle temperature degree low material temperature degree, generally control in 280℃ left right. nozzle temperature degree high, made parts 会出现 gas or made parts 发黄, heavy made parts easy 脆化;若 nozzle temperature degree low, melt easy solid will nozzle or material by nozzle, made parts or 熔接痕 obvious.
　　
　　4, mold temperature degree
　　
　　 mold temperature degree control in 70~90℃. mold temperature degree high, cooling speed rate decrease small, from long molding cycle, made parts 出现凹痕 or bubbles. 反之, cooling speed rate increase large, easy melt flow crystallization phenomenon, made parts 发脆, 熔接痕 obvious.
　　
　　5, injection molding pressure
　　
　　 in injection molding production in, injection molding pressure is key/critical factors. injection molding pressure 包括塑化 pressure and injection pressure. pressure make screw 塑化进 material is 宜, generally maintain in injection molding machine most large pressure 60% ~80%; injection pressure ensure products full type 腔而不 generate is 宜, production nylon 梭坯时, generally maintain in 40~60MPa. injection molding pressure high 时, melt fast, in gate 附近以湍流形式进入而发生“自由喷射”, belt/tape gas made parts, from in made parts surface generate 云雾斑 or light defect. injection molding pressure low 时, raw materials type slow, type 腔壁面 raw materials due to temperature degree speed decline make viscosity increase high, very fast toward flow 轴心波 and, make plastics flow in very short time inner 变 十 separation narrow, large large reduce type pressure, 结果会 make made parts surface 出现波纹, material, bubbles and other defect, has also property 破裂.
　　
　　6, cooling, holding pressure and injection time
　　
　　 time long short effect/influence to made parts quality and production efficiency. production nylon time main/primary cooling time, holding pressure time and injection time. cooling time short, easy generate runner mold sticking, water 口破裂 and other issues, generally will cooling time in 8~10 s is 宜. holding pressure time long short and material temperature has 直接关系, melt temperature degree high, gate time long, holding pressure time long;反之 holding pressure time short. holding pressure time short 时, made parts easy 发脆, dimensions unstable, easy 出现凹痕, bubbles and other;当 holding pressure time long 时, products easy mold sticking. generally will holding pressure time in 10~15 s is 宜. injection time separation grade injection grade 次决定, production in will front separation 2 grade injection process is 3 grade injection, grade can different time control. 当充模 time 适当时, made parts inner outer toward force 一致, shrinkage small, color relatively uniform, can relatively good ensure made parts degree. injection time short, material 不足, made parts easy 出现凹痕, delamination, combined defect, and other 症状, injection time long, made parts easy 出现坡峰, 发黄, warpage 乃至烧伤变焦. generally will injection time in 20 s, 按3 grade separation 配, grade between can according to 实际情况互 versus adjustment.
　　
　　7, nylon 梭坯 定 type and rear 处理
　　
　　 nylon 梭坯 定 type and rear main/primary is is stability made parts dimensions and remove made parts internal stress, improve/increase made parts dimensional stability. will 事先准备 good type block 置于梭坯 type 腔里, again will its in water or acid solvent liquid in (make its full 部没入), control solvent liquid temperature degree is 100℃, 处理24 h rear can to wet balanced. rear 取出模 block, scratch dry, 经检验 combined rear is formed product 梭坯, can lower 一道工序.

　　 currently world upper nylon fiber year output/production volume already 达数百 10,000 tons, nylon its high strength, wear resistant and other excellent property can, in use and industrial to application.

　　本世纪初, enterprise 界搞基础科学 research also by is is types can 思议 事情. 1926 year USA most large industrial company － DuPont company 董事斯蒂恩（Charles M. A. Stine, l882～1954)出于 for 基础科学 兴趣, 建议该 company has 关发现 new 科学事实 基础 research. 1927 year company 决定每 year 支付25 10,000 USD as is research use, 并开始聘请 chemical research 人员, to 1928 year DuPont company in 特拉华州威尔明顿 总部 in formed 立 基础 chemical research, year 仅32岁 卡罗瑟斯（Wallace H. Carothers,1896～1937)博士受聘担任该 has machine chemical negative 责人.

　　卡罗瑟斯1896 year 4 month 27出生于 USA 洛瓦 伯灵顿. 他开始受教育 is in 梅因公立学校, 1914 year from in 学毕业. 卡罗瑟斯 父 hydrophilic in 梅因商学院任教, rear 担任 该院 副院 long. 受他父 hydrophilic effect/influence 卡罗瑟斯18岁时进入该院学习会计, for this 一专业并不感兴趣, is very chemical and other 自然科学, therefore, year rear 转入一 规模 relatively small 学院学习 chemical. 1920 year 获理学学士学位. 1921 year in 伊利诺伊 large 学取 硕士学位, rear in 南边柯他 large 学任教, analysis chemical and material chemical. 1923 year also to 伊利诺伊 large 学攻读 has machine chemical 专业 博士学位. in 导师罗杰.亚当斯(Roger Adams,1889－1971）教授 指导 lower,完 formed about/regarding catalytic hydrogen 化 论文, 初步显露 他 才华, obtain 博士学位 rear 随即留校工 as. 1926 year to large 学教授 has machine chemical. due to 卡罗瑟斯 property inner toward, is 搞科学 research more can 发挥自己 聪明才智, is 1928 year to DuPont company. 卡罗瑟斯 to DuPont company 时候, positive value upper for Germany has machine chemical 家斯陶丁格(Hermann Staudinger,1881～1965) polymer/macromolecule 理论展开 激烈 争论, 卡罗瑟斯赞扬并支持斯陶丁格 观点, through 实验 证实 this 一理论 positive property, therefore for polymer/macromolecule as is has machine chemical main/primary research direction. 一开始卡罗瑟斯 selection binary alcohol and binary acid reaction, through this by 人熟知 reaction understanding has machine separation structure and its property 质间 关系. in polycondensation reaction in, to molecular weight is 5000 polyester separation 子. is 进一步 improve/increase polymerization degree, 卡罗瑟斯改进 high true 空蒸馏 device 并严格 control reaction ratio, make reaction very full, in to year time make polymer molecular weight to 10000～20000.

　　1930 year 卡罗瑟斯 use ethylene glycol and acid shrink combined made polyester, in in 卡罗瑟斯 同事希尔 in from reaction device in 取出熔 melt polyester 时发现 一 types has phenomenon: this type of melt polymer can 像棉花糖 that 样抽出 filament, but also this type of fiber fine filament make cooling rear also can tensile, tensile long degree can to 原 几倍, cold tensile rear fiber strong/high degree and elastic property large large increase. this type of from has phenomenon make 他们预感 to this type of features can can tool has heavy large application value, has can can use melt polymer made fiber. 他们随 rear also for series polyester combined material in-depth research. due to research polyester is acid and alcohol polymer, tool has easy hydrolysis, melting point low （<100℃）, easy solvent understanding in has machine solvent agent in and other disadvantages, 卡罗瑟斯 therefore polyester tool made combined formed fiber 错误结论, most 终放弃 for polyester research. 顺便指出, in 卡罗瑟斯放弃 this research rear, UK temperature 费尔德T.R.Whinfield,1901-1966) in this research formed 果 基础 upper, use aromatic acid (for 苯二甲 acid) and binary alcohol polycondensation reaction, 1940 year combined formed polyester fiber -涤纶, this for 卡罗瑟斯不 can is parts very 遗憾 事情.

　　 is combined formed high melting point high property can polymer, 卡罗瑟斯 and 他 同事们 will attention/notes force to binary amine and binary acid polycondensation reaction upper, year time 里卡罗瑟斯 and 他 同事们 from binary amine and binary acid different polymerization reaction in made multiple polyamide (PA), however this material property can 并不太理想. 1935 year 初卡罗瑟斯决定 use amine and acid combined formed polyamide (PA) （即 polyamide (PA) 510）, 实验结果 table/sheet 明, this type of polyamide (PA) made fiber its strong/high degree and elastic property ultra- 蚕 filament, but also easy water, very difficult solvent, 不足之处 is melting point relatively low, use raw materials price very high, also 不适宜于商 product production. 紧接 卡罗瑟斯 also selection hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid polycondensation reaction, in 1935 year 2 month 28 day combined formed polyamide (PA) 66. this type of polymer solvent 于普通 solvent agent, tool has 263℃ high melting point, due to in structure and property upper more 接近天然 filament, made fiber tool has filament appearance and gloss, its wear resistance and strong/high degree ultra- 当时任何一 types fiber, but also raw materials price comparison 便宜, DuPont company 决定进行商 product production development.

　　 need will 实验室 formed formed product, is need solution raw materials industrial 源; is need melt filament process in 输送, amount, and other production technology and equipment development. production polyamide (PA) 66 需 raw materials － adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine 当时仅供实验室 as agent use, must development production large amount, price adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine, DuPont company selection 丰富 苯酚进行 development 实验, to 1936 year in 西弗吉尼亚 一家 化 factory using/adopting new catalytic technology, use 廉价 苯酚 a large amount of production adipic acid, rear also use adipic acid production hexamethylenediamine new process ． DuPont company melt filament new technology, will poly amine 66 add hot melt 化, 经 滤 rear again 吸入泵 in, through key/critical parts （喷 filament 头）喷 formed fine filament, filament filament gas cooling rear 牵伸, type. 1938 year 7 month formed in 试, production polyamide (PA) fiber ．同 month use polyamide (PA) 66 as 牙刷毛 牙刷开始投放 market. 10 month 27 day DuPont company positive 式宣布 world upper types combined formed fiber positive 式诞生, will poly amine 66(PA6) this type of combined formed fiber is nylon （nylon）, this rear in in formed polyamide (PA) type combined formed fiber use product 名称. DuPont company from high poly material research 开始历时11 year, consumption 投2200 10,000 USD, has 230名 expert add has 关 工 as, in 1939 year achieve industrial production. is nylon 发明人卡罗瑟斯没 can to nylon application. due to 卡罗瑟斯一 toward 精神抑郁, has 一 念头 make method 摆脱, is as is 一 科学家自己 is 一 失败者, add 之1936 year 他喜爱 孪生姐姐 世, make 他 心情 more add heavy, this in polymer chemical field/area as 出 杰出贡献 chemical 家, 于1937 year 4 month 29 day in USA 费城一家饭店 房间里饮 use has 氰化钾 柠檬汁而自杀身亡. is 纪念卡罗瑟斯 功绩, 1946 year DuPont company will 乌米尔特 factory nylon research 室改名 is 卡罗瑟斯 research 室.

　　 nylon combined formed combined formed fiber industrial 基础, nylon make textile product 面貌焕然一 new. use this type of fiber formed nylon filament transparent also ratio filament resistant 穿, 1939 year 10目24 day DuPont in in sales nylon filament long 袜时引起轰动, by is 珍奇之 material versus 抢购, mixed 乱 局面迫 make machine 关出动警察 维持秩序. 人们曾 use "象蛛 filament fine, filament strong/high, filament 一样美" 词句 赞誉 this type of fiber. to 1940 year 5 month nylon fiber product sales and USA 各. from 第二次 world large 战爆发直 to 1945 year, nylon industrial by toward made drop 落伞, machine 轮胎帘子布, and other military industry product. due to nylon features and applications, 第二次 world large rear development non speed, nylon various product from filament 袜, to carpet, and other, difficult 以计数 methods 出现. most year output/production volume increase 25倍, 1964 year combined formed fiber semi above, polyamide (PA) fiber output/production volume 虽说总 output/production volume already polyester fiber more, still is large combined formed fiber 之一.

　　 nylon from has application 目 基础 research 开始, most 终却导致 generate 改变人们生 active 面貌 尼尤 product, formed is enterprise 办基础科学 research non formed 功 典 type. it make 人们认识 to and technology versus ratio need in front 头, and production versus ratio technology need in front 头; has research, has technology formed 果, new product development is can can. rear, enterprise from or 资助 基础科研 in world scope/range inner rear 春笋般 出现, make 基础科研 formed 果 以 more speed is production force. 　　

　　 nylon combined formed is polymer/macromolecule chemical development important 里程碑. DuPont company this research front, upper for polymer/macromolecule structure 理论 激烈争论 main/primary is 缺乏明晰 milli 无疑义 实验事实 支持. for polycondensation reaction research also very less, to polycondensation material 并不完满. 卡罗瑟斯 using/adopting ultra- 进行 has machine combined formed generally methods, in polymer/macromolecule polycondensation reaction 时, for reaction material ratio requirements very 严格, versus ultra- 1%． polycondensation reaction degree versus 当彻底, ultra- 99.5%, from combined formed molecular weight high 达两万 left right polymer. 卡罗瑟斯 research table/sheet 明, polymer is types true positive large separation 子, can through already has machine reaction obtain, its polycondensation reaction separation 子都含 has or above active property 基团, this through 共价键互 versus 连接, is types 不确定 force will small separation simple poly to 一起, from 而揭示 polycondensation reaction 规律. 卡罗瑟斯 through for polymerization reaction research polymer/macromolecule combined material large upper separation is type: type is polycondensation reaction to shrink combined polymer/macromolecule; type is addition polymerization reaction to add formed polymer/macromolecule. 卡罗瑟斯 助手弗洛里（Paul J. Flory, 1910～1986） summary polyamide (PA) and other series polycondensation reaction, 1939 year polycondensation reaction in has function tool has same active property basic principle, 并提出 polycondensation reaction force and molecular weight and polycondensation reaction degree between amount 关系. rear also research polymer/macromolecule solvent liquid statistics force and polymer/macromolecule type, statistics force 学, 1974 obtain 诺贝尔 chemical 奖. nylon combined formed has force polymer/macromolecule in, make for 斯陶丁格 理论 deep 信不移, from polymer/macromolecule chemical true positive 建立起.