Shanghai Daoqin Plastics Co., Ltd.

随 plastics output/production volume improve/increase and application areas expand large, for plastics mold 提出 越 越 high requirements, promote plastics mold development. currently plastics mold positive high efficiency, high degree, high lifespan direction development, plastics mold material speed development.
我国 currently used for plastics mold types, can 按钢材 features and use hot 处理状态 classification, table/sheet 3-2
table/sheet 3-2 plastics mold use classification
type 别 钢 types type 别 钢 types
渗 carbon type 20,20Cr,20Mn,12CrNi3A,20CrNiMo,DT1,DT2,0Cr4NiMoV
预 hard type
3Cr2Mo,Y20CrNi3AlMnMo(SM2),5NiSCa,Y55CrNiMnMoV(SM1),4Cr5MoSiVS,8Cr2Mn－WMoVS(8CrMn)

调质 type 45,50,55,40Cr,40Mn,50Mn,S48C,4Cr5MoSiV,38CrMoAlA

resistant type
3Cr13,2Cr13,Cr16Ni4Cu3Nb(PCR),1Cr18Ni9,3Cr17Mo,0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb(74PH)

淬 hard type
T7A,T8A,T10A,5CrNiMo,9SiCr,9CrWMn,GCr15,3Cr2W8V,Cr12MoV,45Cr2NiMoVSi,6CrNiSiMnMoV(GD)

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bsp; hard type
18Ni140 grade,18Ni170 grade,18Ni210 grade,10Ni3MnCuAl(PMS),18Ni9Co,06Ni16MoVTiAl,25CrNi3MoAl

for/regarding 我国传统 commonly used plastics mold 钢, already has very more 书藉资 material as detailed discussion, main/primary introduction 我国近 year made and from outer 引进并 already in production in use plastics mold 钢.

一, carbon type plastics mold use 钢
渗 carbon type plastics mold use main/primary used for cold pressure formed plastics 模. is cold pressure formed 形, this category of in 退
火态 must has high property and low deformation resistant force, therefore, for this category of requirements has low or ultra- low carbon amount, is improve/increase mold wear resistance, this category of in cold pressure formed rear generally 都进行渗 carbon and 淬回火处理, surface hardness can 达58～62HRC.

此 type outer has specialized types, 如瑞典 8416, USA P2 and P4 and other. inner using/adopting industrial pure iron （如DT1 and DT2）, 20, 20Cr, 12CrNi3A and 12Cr2Ni4A钢, and inner most new made cold formed specialized 钢

0Cr4NiMoV（LJ）. introduction 两 典 type types.
（一）0Cr4NiMoV（LJ）钢
1. chemical formed separation: table/sheet 3-3 is LJ钢 chemical formed separation.
table/sheet 3-3 LJ钢 chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） （%）
C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo V
≤0.08 ＜0.3 ＜0.2 3.6～4.2 0.3～0.7 0.2～0.6
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sp; 0.08～0.15

POM plastics raw materials POM/3510/ DuPont － Asahi Kasei
该钢含 carbon amount very low, 因而塑 property excellent, deformation resistant force low. in add is 铬, add is 镍, 钼, and other, alloy main/primary function is improve/increase property and carbon can force, increase carbon hardness and wear resistance and strong/high tough property.

2. process property can: LJ钢 tool has good property can and hot process property.
锻造 process: add hot temperature degree 1230℃, temperature degree 1200℃, temperature degree 900℃.
退火 process: add hot 880℃, temperature 2ｈ, 随炉缓 cold 至（ cold speed 约40℃／h）650℃ rear 出炉空 cold, hardness 100～105HBS, can 顺利 进行 cold pressure formed 形.

solid carbon process: add hot 930℃×（6～8）ｈ, rear in 850～870℃油淬, again 进行200～220℃×2ｈ low temperature 回火, hot rear surface hardness 58～60HRC, hardness is 27～29HRC, hot deformation micro small. LJ钢渗 carbon speed degree fast, deep degree ratio 20钢 deep 一倍.

3.实际 application: LJ钢 cold formed property and industrial pure iron versus 近, use cold pressure method formed mold type 腔轮廓清晰, light 洁, degree high. LJ钢 main/primary use substitute/replace 10, 20钢 and industrial pure iron and other cold pressure formed precision plastics 模. due to carbon hard relatively deep, hardness high, 不会出现 type surface and inner 壁咬伤 phenomenon, use 效果良 good.

（二）12CrNi3A钢
1. chemical formed separation: 12CrNi3A钢 is in property alloy carbon 钢, its formed separation table/sheet 3-4. 该钢含 carbon amount relatively low, add 入镍, alloy 元素, improve/increase 钢 淬透 property and carbon strong/high tough property, especially is 镍, in generate solid solvent strong/high meanwhile, obvious increase 钢 塑 tough property. and its it cold formed plastics mold versus ratio, cold formed property belongs to in and other.

table/sheet 3-4 12CrNi3A钢 chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） （%）
C Si Mn Cr Ni P, S
0.09～0.16 0.17～0.37 0.30～0.60 0.60～0.90
2.75～3.25 ≤0.025

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bsp; 2. process property can: add hot temperature degree is 1200℃, temperature degree 1150℃, temperature degree large 于850℃, rear cold, rear must soft 化退火.
退火 process: 740～760℃ add hot, temperature 4～6ｈ rear 以5～10℃／ｈ speed degree cold 至600℃, again cold room temperature, rear hardness ＜160HBS, cold pressure formed 形.

positive process: 870～900℃ add hot temperature 3～4ｈ rear cold, positive rear hardness ≤229HBS, processing property good.
12CrNi3A钢 using/adopting gas carbon process 时, add hot temperature degree is 900～920℃保 temperature 6～7ｈ, can obtain 0.9～1.0ｍｍ 渗 carbon 层, carbon rear cold 至800～850℃直接油淬 or cold, rear table/sheet hardness can 达56～62HRC, hardness is 250～380HBS, deformation micro small.

3. application:
12CrNi3A钢 main/primary used for cold pressure formed 形 形状 complex shallow type 腔 plastics mold . can use manufacturing large, in type processing formed plastics mold, is improvement processing property, must positive 火处理,

二, hard type plastics mold use 钢
（一） commonly used types and hot 处理
commonly used hard type plastics mold has: carbon tool 钢（如T7A, T8A）, low alloy cold as mold 钢（如9SiCr, 9Mn2V, CrWMn, GCr15, 7CrSiMnMoV钢）, Cr12 type 钢（如Cr12MoV钢）, high speed 钢（如W6Mo5Cr4V2钢）, 基体钢 and certain hot as mold and other. this most hot generally is and low temperature 回火（ less using/adopting in temperature or high temperature 回火）, hot rear hardness usually in 45～50HRC above.

（二）实际 application
carbon tool 钢仅适于 manufacturing dimensions large, force relatively small, simple and deformation requirements high plastics 模; low alloy cold as mold main/primary used for manufacturing dimensions relatively large, relatively complex and degree relatively high plastics 模; Cr12 type 钢适于 manufacturing requirements high wear resistance large type, complex and precision plastics 模; W6Mo5Cr4V2钢适于 manufacturing requirements strong/high degree high and wear resistance good plastics 模; hot as mold combined manufacturing has relatively high strong/high tough property and wear resistance plastics 模.

another, GD钢也 is year new use types hard type plastics mold 钢. due to strong/high tough property high, property and wear resistance good, deformation small, price low, use 此钢取代Cr12MoV钢 or 基体钢 manufacturing large type, high wear resistant, high 精
degree plastics 模, not only reduce cost, but also improve/increase mold use lifespan.

三, hard type plastics mold use 钢
谓预 hard is supply already 预先进行 hot 处理, make to mold use hardness. this category of features is in hardness 30～40HRC lower can 直接进行 formed 形车削, 钻孔, 铣削, 雕刻, and other processing, processing rear can 直接交付 use, this full hot deformation effect/influence, from ensure mold manufacturing degree.

我国近 year made hard type plastics mold 钢, large more is in carbon is 基础, add amount 铬, 锰, 镍, 钼, and other alloy made formed. is solution in relatively high hardness lower processing difficult degree large issues, through toward in add 入硫, 钙, 铅, and other 元素, improvement processing properties, from made easy 切削预 hard 化钢. has hard can in mold processing formed rear 进行渗 nitrogen 处理, in reduce use hardness front lower make mold surface hardness and wear resistance significantly improve/increase. lower introduction types type hard plastics mold 钢.

（一）3Cr2Mo（P20） plastics mold 钢
3Cr2Mo钢 is USA plastics mold commonly used 钢号, is GB1299—85《 alloy tool technology conditions 》 in positive nano 标 唯一一 types plastics mold 钢.

1. chemical formed separation and versus 变点
chemical formed separation table/sheet 3-5 示.
table/sheet 3-5 3Cr2Mo钢 chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） （%）
C Si Mn Cr Mo P, S
0.28～0.40 0.20～0.80 0.60～1.00 1.40～2.00
0.30～0.55 ≤0.030

versus is Ａc1770℃, Ac3825℃, Ar1640℃, Ar3760℃, Ｍs300℃, Ｍf120℃.
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nbsp; 2. process property can
（1）锻造: add hot temperature degree 1100～1150℃, temperature degree 1050～1100℃, temperature degree ≥850℃, rear cold.
（2）退火: add hot temperature degree 850℃, temperature 2～4h, and other temperature temperature degree 720℃, temperature 4～6h, cold 至500℃, 出炉空 cold.
（3）淬火 and 回火: add hot temperature degree 860～870℃, 油淬, 540～580℃回火. hard hardness is 30～35HRC.
（4） chemical hot 处理: P20钢 tool has relatively good property and tough property, can 进行渗 carbon, carbon rear surface hardness can 达65HRC, tool has relatively high hot hardness and wear resistance.

3. force property can
850℃淬火, 550℃回火 P20钢 room temperature force property can table/sheet 3-6 示.
table/sheet 3-6 P20钢 room temperature force property can
hardness HRC σb/Mpa σ0.2/MPa δ5(%) ψ(%)
αk/(J/cm2)
30 1250 1140 14 58 11.5

4.实际 application
P20钢适宜 manufacturing electrical machine, large type machine outer housing/shell and machine sheet/plate cover/cap and other large type plastics mold, its processing properties and light property can significantly excellent 于45钢, in same light conditions lower, surface coarse degree ratio 45钢 low 1～3 grade.

如 manufacturing “飞跃”牌14吋黑白 electrical machine outer housing/shell

plastics mold, already molding 24万模次, mold still good 无
loss. also manufacturing 18吋 color color electrical machine outer housing/shell plastics mold, large type machine mold, electrical machine mold, and 洗
衣 machine sheet/plate cover/cap mold and other.
（二）3Cr2NiMo（P4410） plastics mold 钢
1. chemical formed separation and versus 变点
3Cr2NiMo钢 is 3Cr2Mo钢 改进 type, is in 3Cr2Mo钢 in add quality separation is 0.8%～1.2% 镍, its chemical formed separation table/sheet 3-7 示. inner made P4410钢实际 formed separation, and production P20钢改进 type 718钢一致.

table/sheet 3-7 P4410 chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） （%）
C Mn Si Cr Mo Ni P S
0.28～0.40 0.60～1.00 0.20～0.80 1.40～2.00
0.30～0.55 0.80～1.20 ≤0.020 ≤0.015

versus 变点Ac1725℃, Ac3810℃, Ms280℃.
2. production process
alkali property coarse 炼→ true gas, 钢包喷 powder 精炼→ water pressure machine 锻造→ coarse processing → ultra- 声波探伤→调质 hot 处理→检验出厂. process production 出 钢材达 to relatively high degree, fine 密, 镜面抛 light property can good, surface coarse degree can 达Ra0.05～0.025μm.

3. property can features
经860℃淬火, 650℃回火 rear, room temperature and high temperature force property can table/sheet 3-8 示.
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sp; table/sheet 3-8 P4410钢 force property can
experiment/testing temperature degree /℃ σb/MPa σs/MPa δ(%) ψ(%) αk/(J/cm2)
HRC
room temperature 1120 1020 16 61 96 35
200 1006 882 13.6 56 — —
400 882 811 14.0 67 — —

P4410钢 in hardness value is 32～36HRC scope/range inner, tool has good 车, 铣, abrasion and other processing properties.
P4410钢也 can using/adopting local add hot 淬火, add hot temperature degree 800～825℃, in gas in or use pressure shrink gas cooling, local surface hardness can 达56～62HRC, can long mold use lifespan. can for mold surface 镀铬, surface hardness can 由370～420HV improve/increase to 1000HV, significantly improve/increase mold wear resistance and resistant property.

P4410钢 manufacturing mold, local loss bad rear can use method 修补, welding quality good, can processing.
4. application
P4410钢 in hard 态（30～36HRC） use, anti hot deformation, manufacturing large type, complex, precision plastics mold. 该钢也 can using/adopting nitrogen, and other chemical hot 处理, rear can obtain more high surface hardness, made as high precision plastics mold.

（三）8Cr2MnWMoVS（8Cr2S）钢
8Cr2MnWMoVS easy precision plastics formed mold 钢, is is precision plastics and thin sheet/plate 无间隙 precision 冲裁模之急需而 design, its formed separation design using/adopting high carbon more a small amount of alloy 化原则, as is easy 切削元素. 8Cr2S钢 chemical formed separation and property can in 第一章第二节 already introduction, this use again 进一步 introduction.

1.钢 features
（1） hot process 简便, property good: cold hard 直径φ100mm above, hardness is 61.5～62HRC, hot deformation small. 当860～900℃淬火, 160～300℃回火时, toward deformation rate ＜0.09%, toward deformation rate ＜0.15%.

（2）切削 property can good: hardness is 207～239HBS, processing 时, can ratio generally tool shrink short processing 工时1/3 above. hard 态40～45HRC时, use high speed or hard alloy tool 进行车, 铣, 刨, 镗, and other processing, versus carbon 钢调质态, hardness is 30HRC left right property can, excellent 于Cr12MoV钢退火态 hardness is 240HBS时 切削 property can.

（3）镜面研 abrasion light property good: using/adopting same abrasion processing, its surface coarse degree ratio generally alloy tool low 1～2 grade, most low surface coarse degree is Ra
0.1μm.
（4） surface treatment property can good: nitrogen property can good, generally nitrogen deep 达0.2～0.3mm, 渗硼附 force strong/high.
2. application
8Cr2S as is hard 钢适宜于 made as various type type plastics 模, 胶木模, 陶土瓷 material and made sheet/plate 冲孔模. types made as mold combined density relatively its it alloy tool high 1～2 数 amount grade, surface coarse degree low 1～2 grade, use lifespan high 2～3倍, has high 十几倍.

（四）5CrNiMnMoVSCa（5NiSCa）钢
5NiSCa easy high toughness plastics mold 钢, in hard 态（35～45HRC） tough property and processing property good; 镜面抛 light property can good, surface coarse degree low, can 达Ra
0.2～0.1μm, use process in surface coarse degree maintain can force strong/high; 花纹蚀刻 property can good, 清晰, true; property good, can as type complex, quality requirements high plastics 模. in high hardness lower （50HRC above ）, hot deformation small, tough property good, tool has relatively good retardant cracks expand can force.

1. chemical formed separation and versus 变点

5NiSCa钢 using/adopting in carbon add 镍, its main/primary chemical formed separation table/sheet 3-9.
table/sheet 3-9 5NiSCa钢 chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） （%）
C Cr Ni Mn Mo V S Ca
0.57 0.89 1.03 1.19 0.52 0.26 0.028
0.0036

add hot versus 变点695～735℃, cooling versus 变点378～305℃, Ms220℃.
2. process property can
（1）锻造: add hot temperature degree 1100℃, temperature degree 1070～1100℃, temperature degree 850℃, rear cold.
（2）球化退火: add hot temperature degree 770℃, temperature 3h, and other temperature temperature degree 660℃, temperature 7h, cold to 550℃出炉空 cold. hardness ≤241HBS, processing properties good.

（3）淬火: temperature degree 880～900℃, small parts lower 限, large parts upper 限, cold or 260℃硝 salt separation grade 淬火.
3. force property can
5NiSCa钢经880℃ and 900℃淬火 rear force property can, table/sheet 3-10 列.
table/sheet 3-10 5NiSCa钢 different temperature degree and rear force property can
淬火/℃ 回火/℃ σ0.2/Mpa σb/MPa σbc/MPa &n

bsp; δ(%)
ψ(%) αk/(J/cm2) HRC
880 575 1240.7 1274.0 1271.1 8.8 42.1
46.1 45.5
625 1240.7 1274.0 1271.1 8.8 42.1
46.1 39
650 1008.4 1045.7 1011.4 9.0 45.3
56.8 36
900 575 1364.2 1430.8 1442.6 7.9 39.6
42.1 47
625 1252.4 1291.6 1355.3 8.3 41.7
49 41.5
650 1061.3 1084.9 1110.3 10.5 47.0

; 66.6 37

4. production application
5NiSCa钢 can used as type complex, type quality requirements high injection 模, pressure shrink 模, 橡胶模, made sheet/plate 冲孔模 and other significantly.
（五）Y55CrNiMnMoV（SM1）
SM1 easy 切削调质 type hard plastics mold 钢, hard 态交货, hard hardness is 35～40HRC. easy 切削效果 obvious, property can stability, comprehensive property can obvious excellent 于45钢, also tool has resistant property relatively good and can nitrogen and other advantages.

1. chemical formed separation and versus 变点
Y55CrNiMnMoV钢 chemical formed separation, table/sheet 3-11.
table/sheet 3-11 SM1钢 chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） (%)
C Mn S P Cr Ni Mo V Si
0.50～0.60 0.80～1.20 0.080～0.150 ＜0.030
0.80～1.20 1.00～1.50 0.20～0.50 0.10～0.30
＜0.40

versus Ac1712℃, Ac3772℃, Ｍs290℃.
2. process property can
（1）锻造: property can good, 锻造无特殊 requirements.
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bsp; （2） soft 化处理: 800℃ add hot, temperature 3ｈ, 680℃ and other temperature add hot 5ｈ, hardness ≤235HBS.
（3）淬火, 回火: 800～860℃ add hot 油淬, 600～650℃回火.
3. force property can
经 upper 述处理 rear, SM1 force property can table/sheet 3-12 示.
table/sheet 3-12 SM1钢 force property can
σb/MPa σ0.2/Mpa δ5(%) ψ(%) αk/(J/cm2)
hardness HRC
1176 980 15 45 44 35

4.实际 application
Y55CrNiMnMoV钢 production process easy 行, property can excellent stability, use lifespan long. electronics, table/sheet, home appliances, toys, day use and other industry application, significantly.

四, hard type plastics mold 钢
此 type 钢 共同 features is carbon amount low, alloy degree relatively high, high temperature 淬火（ solid solvent 处理） rear, 钢处于 soft 化状态, is mono saturated and solid solvent 体. is will solid solvent 体进行时效处理, add hot to certain relatively low temperature degree temperature time rear, solid solvent in 就会析出 fine small dispersion metal combined material, from formed strong/high and hard 化. and, this strong/high process dimensions, 形状变化极 small. therefore, using/adopting type manufacturing plastics mold 时, can in solid solvent rear mold machine formed processing, rear through 时效处理, make mold obtain use strong/high degree and hardness, this has ensure mold most dimensions and 形状 精 degree.

in addition, type 钢往往 using/adopting true 空冶炼 or electrical heavy 熔, pure degree high, therefore 镜面抛 light property can and light property can good. this type also can through 镀铬, nitrogen, 离子束 reinforcement and other surface treatment methods improve/increase wear resistance and resistant property. lower introduction types hard type plastics mold use 钢.

（一）25CrNi3MoAl钢
25CrNi3MoAl low 镍无钴时效 hard 化钢, this is 参考 国 outer type formed separation, according to 我国冶炼 industrial features and use for property can requirements add 以改进而研 made types new type hard 化钢, is 我国时效 hard type precision plastics mold specialized types 填补 空白.

1. chemical formed separation and versus 变点
25CrNi3MoAl钢 chemical formed separation table/sheet 3-13.
table/sheet 3-13 25CrNi3MoAl钢 chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） （%）
C Cr Ni Mo Al Si Mn S, P
0.2～0.3 1.2～1.8 3.0～4.0 0.2～0.4 1.0～1.6
0.2～0.5 0.5～0.8 ≤0.03

versus 变点Ac1740℃, Ac3780℃, Ｍs290℃.
2. force property can
（1） hardness: 25CrNi3MoAl钢经 different temperature degree solid solvent and 时效处理 rear hardness separation table/sheet 3-14 and table/sheet 3-15.
table/sheet 3-14 25CrNi3MoAl钢经 different temperature degree solid solvent rear hardness
add hot temperature degree /℃（保 temperature 30min） 830 920 960 1000

; hardness HRC 50 48.5 46.4 45.6

table/sheet 3-15 25CrNi3MoAl钢时效处理 rear hardness
时效 temperature degree /℃ 500 520 540
hardness HRC 35.5～38 39～41 39～42

（2） room temperature force property can: 25CrNi3MoAl钢经880℃ solid solvent, 680℃回火, 540℃时效处理8ｈ rear force property can table/sheet 3-16.

table/sheet 3-16 25CrNi3MoAl钢 room temperature force property can
HRC σb/Mpa σs/MPa δ(%) ψ(%) αk①/(J/cm2)
39～42 1260～1350 1170～1200 13～16.8 55～59
45～52
① αk value is ratio U形 Sample impact tough degree value.
3. hot process
（1） used as generally precision plastics mold: add hot temperature degree 880℃, cold or water cold 淬火, hardness 48～50HRC, again 经680℃, 4～6ｈ high temperature 回火, cold or water cold, hardness 22～23HRC, machine processing formed 形. again 经时效处理, temperature degree 520～540℃, temperature 6～8ｈ, cold, hardness 39～42HRC. again abrasion, light or light 刻花纹 rear assembly use. deformation rate large is -0.039％.

（2） used for high precision

plastics mold: add hot temperature degree 880℃, again 经680℃ high temperature 回火, its process upper. in high temperature rear for mold coarse processing and semi processing, again 经650℃保 temperature 1ｈ, remove processing rear internal stress, rear again 进行精 processing. rear 时效, abrasion, light and other process still upper. 经此处理 rear deformation rate is -0.01%～-0.02%.

（3） used for for impact tough degree requirements high plastics mold: for 退火 锻坯直接经 coarse processing, processing, 进行520～540℃, 6～8ｈ 时效处理, again abrasion, light and assembly use. 经此处理 rear, mold hardness 40～43HRC, deformation rate ≤0.05%.

（4） used as cold type process plastics mold: mold 锻坯经 soft 化处理 rear, for mold pressure 面进行 processing, abrasion, light. rear for cold pressure mold type and mold outer 形进行修整, most rear for mold true 空时效处理 or surface nitrogen rear again assembly use.

4. features and application
综 upper 述, 25CrNi3MoAl钢 has lower features:
（1）钢 in amount low, price low 于马氏体时效钢, low ultra- low carbon in alloy 时效钢.
（2）调质 hardness is 230～250HBS, 常规切削 processing and electrical processing properties good. hardness is 38～42HRC, 时效处理 and nitrogen temperature degree scope/range versus 当, nitrogen property can good, nitrogen rear table/sheet hardness 达1000HV above, 而心部 hardness maintain in 38～42HRC.

（3）镜面研 abrasion property good, surface coarse degree can in Ra 0.2～0.025μm, surface light 刻浸蚀 property good, light 刻花纹清晰 uniform.
（4） welding property good, 焊缝处 can processing, rear hardness and hardness versus 近.
25CrNi3MoAl钢 can use made as and high precision plastics mold, more factory use, technology 经济效益 significantly.
(二)18Ni type 钢
this category of belongs to low carbon 马氏体时效钢, its formed separation and force property can table/sheet 3-17.
table/sheet 3-17 18Ni type chemical formed separation and force property can
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bsp; 18Ni钢 grade chemical formed separation （w, ％） hot 处理工 艺 σs/MPa σb/MPa
δ(%) ψ(%) hardness HRC
Ni Co Mo Ti Al
140 grade 17.5～18.5 8～9 3.0～3.5 0.15～0.25
0.05～0.15 815℃±10℃ solid solvent 处理1h空 cold, 经480℃±10℃时效3h, cold
1350～1450 1400～1550 14～16 65～70 46～48
170 grade 17～19 7.0～8.5 4.6～5.2 0.3～0.5
0.05～0.15 1700～1900 1750～1950 10～12
48～58 50～52
210 grade 18～19 8.0～9.5 4.6～5.2 0.55～0.80
0.05～0.15 2050～2100 2100～2150 12 60
53～55

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p; 马氏体时效钢 carbon quality separation low （约0.03%）, is improvement tough property. this category of 钢 屈服 strong/high degree has 1400MPa, 1700MPa, 2100MPa三 grade 别, can separation 别简写 is 18Ni140 grade, 18Ni170 grade and 18Ni210 grade, separation for outer 18Ni250 grade, 18Ni300 grade and 18Ni350 grade.

18Ni马氏体时效钢 in 起时效 hard function alloy is titanium, aluminum, 钴, 钼. 18Ni in add a large amount of 镍, main/primary function is ensure solid solvent 体淬火 rear can obtain mono 一 马氏体, its 次Ni and Mo function formed strong/high versus Ni3Mo, quality separation in 10% above, also can improve/increase 马氏体时效钢 fracture tough degree.

18Ni type main/primary use in precision and manufacturing high degree, ultra- 镜面, type complex, large 截面, large amount production plastics mold. 但因Ni, Co and other heavy metal content high, price 昂贵, difficult 以广泛 application.

（三）06Ni6CrMoVTiAl（06Ni）钢
06Ni6CrMoVTiAl钢 low 镍马氏体时效钢. 该钢突出 advantages is hot deformation small, light property can good, solid solvent hardness low, processing properties good, tool has good comprehensive force property can and nitrogen, welding property can. is alloy content low, its price ratio 18Ni type 马氏体时效钢 low more.

1. chemical formed separation and versus 变点
low carbon 马氏体时效钢 hard mechanism is in 马氏体基体 in metal combined material generate hard 化, this requirements low carbon amount, has hard 化元素, improve/increase 钢 时效 hardness. 06钢 chemical formed separation table/sheet 3-18 示.

　　　　 table/sheet 3-18 06Ni6CrMoVTiAl钢 chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） （%）
C Ni Cr Mo Ti Al V Mn Si
P, S
0.06 5.5～6.5 1.3～1.6 0.9～1.2 0.9～1.3
0.6～0.9 0.08～0.16 ≤0.5 ≤0.6 ≤0.03

versus 变点Ac1705℃, Ac3836℃, Ar1425℃, Ar3525℃, Ms512℃, Mf395℃.
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sp; 2. hot processing process
（1）锻造: add hot temperature degree 1100～1150℃, temperature degree ≥850℃, rear cold.
（2） soft 化退火: can using/adopting 680℃ high temperature 回火处理达 to soft 化目.
（3） solid solvent 处理: solid solvent is hard necessary 工序, through solid solvent can to soft 化目, also can ensure in most 终时效时 tool has hard 化效应. solid solvent can utilizing rear fast speed cooling achieve, can add hot to solid solvent temperature degree rear cold or cold achieve.

&nb, sp; solid solvent rear, using/adopting cooling methods different, for solid solvent and hardness effect/influence very large. 如820℃ solid solvent rear, cold hardness is 26～28HRC, cold hardness is 24～25HRC, water cold hardness is 22～23HRC. solid solvent rear cold speed fast, hardness low, 但时效 rear hardness value more high.

06钢 时效 hardness ratio 18Ni type high alloy 马氏体时效钢 solid solvent hardness （28～32HRC） low, 故而切削 processing properties excellent high alloy 马氏体时效钢.

recommendation solid solvent process: solid solvent temperature degree 800～880℃, temperature 1～2ｈ, cold.
（4）时效处理: recommendation process: temperature degree 500～540℃, time 4～8ｈ, hardness is 42～45HRC.
3. force property can
测 different temperature degree lower 06钢 force property can table/sheet 3-19.
table/sheet 3-19 06钢 room temperature and high temperature force property can
experiment/testing temperature degree /℃ σb/Mpa σ0.2/MPa δ(%) ψ(%)
αk/(J/cm2)

room temperature 1478 1422 9.3 37.2 3.4
100 — — — — 1503
200 1292 1262 11.2 54.2 36.8
300 1238 1197 10.5 53.3 41.7
400 1153 1128 13.7 56.5 51.9

由 table/sheet 3-19 can 见, experiment/testing temperature degree increase, although strong/high degree has decline, property and tough property speed increase. in use temperature degree lower, tough property has relatively large increase.

4.实际 application
马氏体时效钢06Ni6CrMoVTiAl already separation application in chemical industry, table/sheet, light 工, electrical appliances, aviation aerospace and national defense industrial 部门, use made as magnetic belt/tape box/case, machine, electrical 传打字 machine and other parts plastics mold, to very good 效果.

该钢 made as machine magnetic belt/tape box/case plastics mold lifespan can 达200万次 above, pressure made product quality can and Imported mold pressure made product versus 媲美; made as machine magnetic belt/tape box/case plastics mold, its lifespan 达110万次 above.

（四）10Ni3CuAlMoS（PMS）镜面 plastics mold 钢
optical plastics sheet/slice, transparent plastics products and appearance light 洁, light 亮, quality high various thermoplastic property plastics housing/shell parts formed mold, outer usually selection surface coarse degree low, light degree high, deformation small, degree high plastics mold manufacturing.

; property can excellent 塑模钢, remove requirements tool has strong/high degree, hardness outer, also requirements cold hot processing properties good, hot deformation small. especially is also requirements pure degree high, anti in 镜面出现针孔, 桔皮, and and other defect.

PMS镜面 plastics mold is types new type hard type plastics mold 钢, tool has good cold hot processing properties and comprehensive force property can, hot process 简便, deformation small, property high, 适宜进行 surface strong/high 化处理, in soft 化状态 lower can mold type 腔 挤 pressure formed 形.

1. chemical formed separation and versus 变点
PMS钢 chemical formed separation table/sheet 3-20, carbon quality separation made in 0.2% below/following, ensure hot processing properties and hot rear tough property, Ni, Al add is is ensure hard rear hardness （40HRC left right ）.

table/sheet 3-20 PMS钢 chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） （%）
C Si Mn Ni Cu Al Mo P, S.
0.06～0.16 ≤0.35 1.4～1.7 2.8～3.4 0.8～1.2
0.7～1.1 0.2～0.5 ≤0.01

versus 变点Ac1675℃, Ac3821℃, Ar1382℃, Ar3517℃, Ms270℃.
2. process property can
（1）锻造: PMS钢 has good property can, add hot temperature degree 1120～1160℃, temperature degree ≥850℃, rear cold or cold.
（2） solid 熔处理: solid solvent 处理 目 is is make alloy in inner separation solvent understanding, make solid solvent uniform 化, to soft 化, 便于切削 processing. 经840～850℃ add hot 3ｈ solid solvent 处理, cold rear hardness is 28～30HRC.

（3）时效处理: most use property can is through 回火时效处理而 obtain, 钢出现 hard value temperature degree is 5

10℃±10℃, rear hardness is 40～42HRC.

（4） deformation rate: PMS deformation rate very small, shrinkage amount ＜0.05%, deformation rate toward is -0.11％～0.041％, toward is -0.021%～0.026%, 接近马氏体时效钢.

3. force property can
PMS钢经840～850℃ add hot temperature cold solid solvent 处理, again 经510℃ and 530℃时效处理 rear force property can, table/sheet 3-21 示.
table/sheet 3-21 PMS钢 different temperature degree rear force property can
钢 types temperature degree /℃ hardness /HRC σb/MPa σs/MPa δ5(%)
ψ(%) αk/(J/cm2)
PMS钢（含S） 510 42.5 1303.5 1169.1 16
49.2 14.7～17.1
530 41.4 1292.7 1194.6 15 52.7
20.6
PMS钢（ low S） 510 42.7 1331.9 1264.5 14.7
47.8 21.6
530 41.8

1252.5 1191.7 14.6 55.7
21.6

4.实际 application
PMS镜面 plastics mold 钢适于 manufacturing various optical plastics sheet/slice, high 镜面, high transparency degree injection and appearance quality requirements high light 洁, light various use electrical appliances plastics 模.

例如 electrical machine housing/shell mold, production electrical machine plastics housing/shell products appearance quality to outer type product water 平, mold use lifespan obvious improve/increase. also large type di 卡收录 machine injection 模, production machine housing/shell appearance quality high, use 45钢 manufacturing injection 模, mold lifespan 15万模; 而PMS钢 manufacturing injection 模, lifespan 达40万模.

PMS钢 is aluminum 钢, its nitrogen property can good, temperature degree and nitrogen temperature degree versus 近, 因而, can in nitrogen meanwhile 进行时效处理. nitrogen rear mold surface hardness, wear resistance, resistant combined property improve/increase, can used for injection glass fiber reinforcement plastics precision formed mold.

PMS钢 also tool has good welding property can, for loss bad mold can 进行补焊修复. PMS钢 also high degree type cold pressure formed 形.
（五）Y20CrNi3AlMnMo（SM2）钢
1. chemical formed separation and versus 变点
Y20CrNi3AlMnMo（SM2） 时效 hard type plastics mold 钢, its chemical formed separation table/sheet 3-22.
table/sheet 3-22 SM2钢 chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） (%)
C Mn S P Cr Ni Mo Al Si
0.17～0.23 0.80～1.20 0.080～0.150 &

nbsp; ＜0.030
0.80～1.20 3.00～3.50 0.20～0.50 1.00～1.50
＜0.40

versus Ac1710℃, Ac3795℃, Ms405℃.
2. process property can
（1）锻造: property can good, 锻造无特殊 requirements.
（2） soft 化处理: 870～930℃ add hot, cold, 680～700℃ high temperature 回火2h, cold, hardness ≤30HRC.
（3） hot process: 870～930℃ add hot, 油淬, 680～700℃油 cold, 500～560℃时效.
3. force property can
经 upper 述处理 rear, SM2 force property can table/sheet 3-23 示.
table/sheet 3-23 SM2钢 force property can
σb/MPa σ0.2/Mpa δ5(%) ψ(%) αk/(J/cm2)
hardness HRC
1176 980 15 45 54 35

4.实际 application
Y20CrNi3AlMnMo钢 production process easy 行, property can excellent stability, use lifespan long. electronics, table/sheet, home appliances, toys, day use and other industry application, significantly.

五, resistant 蚀

plastics mold 钢PCR
0Cr16Ni4Cu3Nb(PCR)钢 析出 hard 化不锈钢, hardness is 32～35HRC时 can 进行切削 processing. again 经460～480℃时效处理 rear, can obtain relatively good comprehensive force property can.

（一）PCR钢 chemical formed separation and versus 变点
PCR钢 chemical formed separation table/sheet 3-24.

table/sheet 3-24 PCR钢 chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） （%）
C Mn Si Cr Ni Cu Nb S, P its it
≤0.07 ＜1.0 ＜1.0 15～17 3～5 2.5～3.5
0.2～0.4 ≤0.03 添 add 特殊元素

versus 变点: As580℃, Ａf723℃, Ｍs85℃, Mf300℃.
（二） force property can
见 table/sheet 3-25.
table/sheet 3-25 PCR钢时效处理 rear force property can
hot 处理规程 σb/Mpa σs/MPa σsc/MPa δ5(%) ψ(%)
αk①/(J/cm2) HRC
950℃ solid solvent 460℃时效 1324 1211 — 13 55

50
42
1000℃ solid solvent 460℃时效 1334 1261 — 13 55 50
43
1050℃ solid solvent 460℃时效 1355 1273 1442 13 56 47
43
1100℃ solid solvent 460℃时效 1391 1298 — 15 45 41
45
1150℃ solid solvent 460℃时效 1428 1324 — 14 38 28
46
① C形缺口 impact Sample, R=12.7mm.

（三） process property can
1.锻造 process: add hot temperature degree 1180～1200℃, temperature degree 1150～1100℃, temperature degree ≥1000℃空 cold or cold.
钢 in has copper, its pressure processing properties and copper amount has very large 关系. copper quality separation 数wCu＞4.5%时, easy cracking; copper quality separation 数wCu≤3.5%时, its pressure processing properties has very large improvement. 锻造时应充 separation hot 透, 锻打时 need light fast 打, deformation amount small; rear can heavy 锤, add large deformation amount.

2. solid solvent 处理: solid solvent

temperature degree 1050℃, cold, hardness is 32～35HRC, in hardness lower can 进行切削 processing.
3.时效处理: in 420～480℃时效, its strong/high degree and hardness can to most high value, in 440℃时 impact tough degree most low, therefore, recommendation 时效处理 temperature degree is 460℃, rear hardness is 42～44HRC.

4.淬透 property and deformation: PCR钢淬透 property good, in φ100mm断面 upper hardness uniform distribution. 回火时效 rear deformation rate: toward is -0.04%～-0.05%, toward is -0.037%～-0.04%.

（四）实际 application
PCR钢适于 made as has fluorine, chlorine plastics formed mold, tool has good resistant property.
specific application: used for fluorine plastics or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics formed 形模, fluorine plastics micro sheet/plate, plastics 门窗, various sleeve/set, fluorine chlorine plastics extrusion machine screw, material and add flame retardant plastics formed 形模, can as is 17-4PH钢 代 use material.

poly fluorine chlorine ethylene cover/cap mold, use 45钢 or 镀铬处理 mold, use lifespan 1000～4000 parts; use PCR钢, use 6000 parts still and new mold 一样, 未发现任何锈蚀 or abrasion loss, mold lifespan 达10000～12000 parts.

四 fluorine plastics micro sheet/plate, use 45钢 or surface mold, use lifespan 仅2～3次; use PCR钢 rear, mold use 300次, 未发现任何锈蚀 or abrasion loss, surface light 亮如镜.

六, its it plastics mold material
（一） copper alloy
used for plastics material copper alloy main/primary is copper, 如ZCuBe2, ZCuBe2.4 and other. generally using/adopting methods made 模, not only cost low, cycle short, but also also can made 出形状 complex mold. copper can through solid solvent —时效 strong/high 化, solid solvent rear alloy soft 化状态, property relatively good, machine processing. 经时效处理 rear, alloy resistant strong/high degree can 达1100～1300MPa, hardness can 达40～42HRC. copper suitable for manufacturing blow molding 模, injection and other, and high thermally conductive property, high strength and high corrosion resistant property plastics 模. utilizing copper mold can made and leather 纹, can use sample made or toys and other 不规则 molding 面.

（二） aluminum alloy
&

nbsp; aluminum alloy density small, melting point low, processing properties and thermally conductive property excellent 于钢, its in aluminum silicon alloy also tool has excellent 良 铸造 property can, therefore in has combined can selection aluminum alloy manufacturing plastics mold, shrink short made cycle, reduce made cost. commonly used aluminum alloy grade has ZL101 and other, it manufacturing requirements high thermally conductive rate, complex and manufacturing cycle short plastics mold. aluminum alloy Lcq也 is used for plastics manufacturing aluminum alloy 之一, due to it strong/high degree ratio ZL101 high, can made as requirements strong/high degree relatively high has good thermally conductive property plastics 模.

（三） zinc alloy
used for made as plastics mold zinc alloy large more is Zn-4Al-3Cu共晶 type alloy, its main/primary formed separation table/sheet 3-26
table/sheet 3-26 Zn-4Al-3Cu chemical formed separation （ quality separation 数） （%）
Al Cu Mg Zn
3.9～4.5 2.8～3.5 0.03～0.06 约92

also has a small amount of Pb, Cd, Sn, Fe and other 杂质. use alloy through methods easy made Idemitsu complex mold type 腔, can reduce made use and shrink short made cycle, zinc alloy 不足之处 is high temperature strong/high degree relatively 差, alloy easy aging, therefore zinc alloy plastics long use rear easy deformation cracking, this category of zinc alloy combined manufacturing injection and blow molding and other.

used for plastics mold zinc alloy also has zinc alloy and titanium zinc alloy. zinc alloy has relatively high hardness （150HBS）, heat resistant property good, made as injection use lifespan can 达几万至几十万 parts. titanium zinc alloy due to and titanium add can make strong/high degree, hardness improve/increase, from make mold lifespan formed growth.

第三节 plastics mold parts hot process

selection different product types as plastics mold, its chemical formed separation and force property can same, therefore manufacturing process different; 同样, different type type plastics mold using/adopting hot process is different. main/primary introduction plastics mold manufacturing process and hot process features.

一, plastics mold manufacturing process 路线

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sp; 1. low carbon and low carbon alloy made mold
例如, 20, 20Cr, 20CrMnTi and other process is: lower material →锻造模坯→退火→ machine coarse processing → cold pressure formed 形→ again crystallization 退火→ machine processing →渗 carbon →淬火, 回火→研 abrasion light → assembly.

2. high alloy carbon made mold
例如12CrNi3A, 12CrNi4A钢 process is: lower material →锻造模坯→ positive high temperature 回火→ machine coarse processing → high temperature 回火→精 processing →渗 carbon →淬火, 回火→研 abrasion light → assembly.

3.调质钢 made mold
例如, 45, 40Cr and other process is: lower material →锻造模坯→退火→ machine coarse processing →调质→ machine processing →修整, light → assembly.
4. carbon tool and alloy tool made mold
例如T7A～T10A, CrWMn, 9SiCr and other process is: lower material →锻 formed 模坯→球化退火→ machine coarse processing → force 退火→ machine semi processing → machine processing →淬火, 回火→研 abrasion light → assembly.

5.预 hard made mold
例如5NiSiCa, 3Cr2Mo（P20） and other 钢. for/regarding use rod material processing, 因供货状态 already 进行 预 hard 化处理, can processing formed rear light, assembly. for/regarding need formed material rear again processing formed 形, its process is: lower material →改锻→球化退火→刨 or 铣六面→预 hard 处理（34～42HRC）→ machine coarse processing → force 退火→ machine processing →抛 light → assembly.

二, plastics mold hot features
（一）渗 carbon plastics hot features
1. for/regarding has high hardness, high wear resistance and high toughness requirements

plastics mold, need selection carbon manufacturing, 并 渗 carbon, and low temperature as is most hot 处理.
2. for carbon requirements, generally carbon thick degree is 0.8～1.5mm, pressure made hard filler plastics mold carbon thick degree requirements is 1.3～1.5mm, pressure made soft property plastics carbon thick degree is 0.8～1.2mm. carbon 层 含 carbon amount is 0.7%～1.0% is 佳. using/adopting carbon, nitrogen 共渗, wear resistance, corrosion resistant property, resistant oxidation, anti viscous property more good.

3.渗 carbon temperature degree generally in 900～920℃, complex type small type mold can 取840～860℃ in temperature carbon nitrogen 共渗. carbon temperature time is 5～10h, specific according to for thick degree requirements selection. carbon process using/adopting separation grade carbon process is 宜, high temperature stage/phase （900～920℃）以 fast speed will carbon parts table/sheet is 主; in temperature stage/phase （820～840℃）以 increase carbon thick degree is 主, this in carbon inner uniform combined carbon concentrated degree degree distribution, 便于直接淬火.

4.渗 carbon rear process types different, carbon rear can separation using/adopting: heavy new add hot 淬火; separation grade carbon rear 直接淬火（如 alloy carbon 钢）; in temperature carbon nitrogen rear 直接淬火（如 use industrial pure iron or low carbon cold pressure formed small type precision mold ）; carbon rear cold 淬火（如 high alloy carbon manufacturing large, in type mold ）.

（二）淬 hard plastics hot 处理
1.形状 comparison complex mold, in coarse processing rear 即进行 hot 处理, rear 进行精 processing, can ensure hot 处理时 deformation most small, for/regarding precision mold, deformation small 于0.05%.

2. plastics type surface requirements separation 严格, therefore in add hot process in need ensure type surface oxidation, carbon, 不侵蚀, hot and other. in gas in or in 严格脱 oxygen rear salt in add hot, using/adopting 普通箱式 electrical retardant add hot, in mold cavity upper coating agent, meanwhile need control add hot speed degree, cooling selection comparison and cooling 介质, control cooling speed degree, 以避免 in process in generate deformation, cracking waste. generally hot 浴淬火 is 佳, can using/adopting cold methods.

3.淬火 rear and 时回火, temperature degree need high mold as temperature degree, time separation, long short mold material and dimensions 而定, less need in 40～60min above.

（三）预 hard plastics hot 处理
1.预 hard is hard 态供货, generally hot 处理, has 时需进行改锻, rear 模坯必 must hot 处理.

; 2.预 hard 钢 预先 hot usually using/adopting 球化退火, is remove 锻造应 force, obtain uniform 球状珠 light 体组织, reduce hardness, improve/increase property, improvement 模坯 切削 processing properties or cold pressure formed property can.

3.预 hard 钢 预 hard process simple, more using/adopting 调质处理, rear obtain 回火索氏体组织. high temperature temperature degree scope/range very wide can meet/satisfy mold various as hardness requirements. due to this category of 钢淬透 property good, 淬火时 can using/adopting cold, cold or salt separation grade 淬火. table/sheet 3-27 is separation hard 钢 预 hard process, 供参考.

table/sheet 3-27 部 separation hard 钢 预 hard process
钢 号 add hot temperature degree /℃ cooling methods temperature degree /℃ 预 hard hardness HRC
3Cr2Mo 830～840 油 cold or 160～180℃硝 salt separation grade 580～650 28～36

5NiSCa 880～930 油 cold 550～680 30～45
8Cr2MnWMoVS 860～900 油 or cold 550～620 42～48
P4410 830～860 油 cold or salt separation grade 550～650 35～41
SM1 830～850 油 cold 620～660 36～42

（四）时效 hard plastics hot 处理
1.时效 hard hot process separation basic 工序. 首先进行 solid solvent 处理, 即 钢 add hot to high temperature, make various alloy solvent 入奥氏体 in, formed 奥氏体 rear obtain 马氏体组织. 第二步进行时效处理, utilizing strong/high to most rear requirements force property can.

2. solid solvent add hot generally in salt 浴炉, 箱式炉 in 进行, add hot time separation can 取: 1min/mm, 2～2.5min/mm, using/adopting cold, property good types can cold. if 锻造模坯时

can control temperature degree, rear can 直接进行 solid solvent 淬火.

3.时效处理 most good in true in 进行, in 箱式炉 in 进行, is anti mold cavity surface oxidation, inner must 通入保护 gas 氛, or use oxidation aluminum powder, powder, iron 屑, in 装箱保护 conditions lower 进行时效. 装箱保护 add hot need 适当延 long temperature time, difficult to 时效效果. separation hard type plastics mold hot specification can table/sheet 3-28.

table/sheet 3-28 部 separation hard hot specification
钢 号 solid solvent process 时效处理 process hardness HRC
06Ni6CrMoVTiAl 800～850℃油 cold 510～530℃×（6～8）h 43～48

PMS 800～850℃空 cold 510～530℃×（3～5）h 41～43
25CrNi3MoAl 880℃ water or cold 520～540℃×（6～8）h 39～42
SM2 900℃×2h油 cold +700℃×2h 510℃×10h 39～40
PCR 1050℃ solid solvent cold 460～480℃×4h 42～44
三, plastics surface treatment
is improve/increase plastics surface wear resistance and resistant property, for its 进行适当 surface treatment.
1. plastics 模镀铬 is types application most more surface treatment methods, 镀铬层 in large gas in tool has strong/high 烈 钝化 can force, can long maintain metal gloss, in multiple acid property in 均不发生 chemical reaction. plating hardness 达1000HV, tool has excellent wear resistance. 镀铬层 also tool has relatively high heat resistant property, in gas in add hot to 500℃时 its appearance and hardness still obvious 变化.

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sp; 2.渗 nitrogen tool has temperature degree low （ generally is 550～570℃）, mold deformation micro and hardness high （ can 达1000～1200HV） and other advantages, 因而也 non combined plastics surface treatment. has 铬, 钼, aluminum, and titanium and other alloy 元素 钢 types ratio carbon has more good nitrogen property can, used as plastics 模时进行渗 nitrogen can large large improve/increase wear resistance.

适于 plastics surface treatment methods also has: nitrogen carbon 共渗, chemical 镀镍, 离子镀 nitrogen titanium, carbon titanium or carbon nitrogen titanium, PVD, CVD method hard film or ultra- hard film and other.